British One Penny coin

100 The British decimal Penny coin, formed by the Royal Mint, was issue on 15 February 1971, the day the British currency was decimalized. In practice, it had been obtainable from banks in bags of £1 for some weeks earlier. The coin was at first mint from figurine, but since 1992 it has been mint in copper-plated steel. As this is less dense than figurine, post-1992 coins have been somewhat thicker. The coin weighs 3.56 grams and has a diameter of 20.32 millimeters.

The overturn of the coin, intended by Christopher Ironsides, is a crown portcullis with chains, with the number "1" written below the portcullis, and either NEW PENNY (1971–1981) or ONE PENNY (1982–present) above the portcullis.

During the history of the coin, three dissimilar obverses have been used so far. Between 1971 and 1984 the head of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin was used, in which the Queen wears the 'Girls of Great Britain and Ireland' Tiara. Between 1985 and 1997 the head by Raphael Maklouf was used, in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem. Since 1998 one by Ian Rank-Broadley has been used, again feature the crown, with a signature-mark IRB below the representation. In all cases, the writing used is ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. Date. Both sides of the coin are surrounded by dots.

Digital television

Digital television (DTV) uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets.
Introduction
A major use of DTV can be to carry more channels in the same amount of bandwidth. Another can be high-definition programming. The digital signal eliminates ordinary analog broadcasting artifacts such as "ghosting", "snow", and static noises in audio. It can restore them with new MPEG compression artifacts, such as "blocking", when transmitted at too low a data rate, and may fail to work wholly in situations where analog television would have formed an impaired but watchable picture. Depending on the sophistication and level of the error correction defined by the standard and chosen by the broadcaster, DTV may either work perfectly or not work at all.
The switch-over to DTV systems often coincides with a change in picture format from an aspect ratio of 4:3 to one of 16:9. This enables TV to get closer to the aspect ratio of movies and human vision. On traditional screens this leads to "letterbox" black bars above and below the picture due to placing the 16:9 picture in a 4:3 frame. The preceding aspect ratio of 4:3 was chosen to match the Academy standard ratio of the day.

Bell Telephone Company

Bell and others formed the Bell Telephone Company in July 1877. In 1879, it merged with the New England Telephone Company forming the National Telephone Company, which was renamed the American Bell Telephone Company in 1880. Along with Thomas Edison, Bell formed the Oriental Telephone Company on January 25, 1881. On March 3, 1885, American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) was formed to supervise the expanding long-distance business of the American Bell Telephone Company. AT&T became the overall investment company for all the Bell ventures, and remains active today.

Lake effect snow

Lake effect snow, which can be a kind of snowsquall, is produced in the winter when cold, arctic dry winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores. This effect is improved when the moving air mass is uplifted by the orographic effect of higher elevations on the downwind shores. This uplifting can produce narrow, but very intense bands of precipitation, which deposit at a rate of many inches of snow each hour and often bringing copious snowfall totals. The areas affected by lake effect snow are called snowbelts. This effect occurs in many locations throughout the world, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, but is best known in the populated areas of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake effect from the Great Salt Lake in Utah helps to create "The Greatest Snow on Earth". Since the Great Salt Lake never freezes, the lake effect can affect the weather along the Wasatch front year around.

If the air temperature is not low enough to keep the precipitation frozen, it falls as lake effect rain. In order for lake effect rain or snow to form, the moving air must be cooler and also less humid than the surface air. specially, the air temperature should be 15 to 25°C cooler than the water, and the dew point at the altitude where the air pressure is 850 mb should be 13°C lower than the dew point of the air at the surface. Lake effect of very cold air over still warm water in early winter can produce thundersnow, snow showers accompanied by lightning and thunder.

Chamundi Hills

The Chamundi Hills are situated in India, close to the palace city of Mysore. Its average elevation is 1,000 meters.
Legend has it that that the demon Mahishasura, the king of the area that is currently Mysore, was killed by the Goddess Chamundeswari (also Chamundi) after a fierce battle. The hills therefore got their name and a temple of the Goddess was built on the top. The temple has a very beautiful Idol of the Goddess tiring a garland of skulls. The temple has always been patronised by the rulers of Mysore. In earlier days, the Maharajas of Mysore would ride the ceremonial Dasara elephant during the annual Dasara festival, but after India gained independence, the Idol of Goddess Chamundi is taken on an elephant.
A panoramic view of the city is seen from the top of the hills. Among other landmarks, you can see the Race Course, the Lalitha Mahal palace, the Mysore Palace, the Karanji and Kukkarahalli lakes. At dusk, the view of the city is particularly beautiful, and on Sunday evenings and during the Dasara festival, the illuminated Mysore Palace glitters like gold.
There are steps important to the top of the hill. There are around 1,000 steps in all, and climbing the first 400 or so steps takes some effort. Enroute to the top, the steps pass the large monolithic statue of Nandi the Bull. Nandi is the vahana (Vehicle) of Lord Shiva. Climbing gets easier soon afterwards.
There are regular buses plying to the Chamundi hills from the central bus stand.
The top of the hill has a few attractions - the Mahishasura Statue, the Chamundeswari Temple, and a few other temples nearby. The Rajendra Vilas palace used to be a popular hotel earlier, but is now closed to the public. The palace is now being redone and provides a panaromic view of the Hill, Chamundi Temple and Mysore City.
Mysore got its name from the demon Mahishasura. It was earlier known as 'Mahisuru,' meaning Mahisha's city. slowly it came to be called Mysooru and later anglicised to Mysore. There is a demand and proposal of late that the name of city be changed from Mysore to Mysooru the original Indian form.

Classification of Integrated circuits

Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip).
Digital integrated circuits can have anything from a few thousand to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, classically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers work using binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals.
Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by giving out continuous signals. They carry out functions like amplification, active filtering, demodulation, mixing, etc. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a hard analog circuit from scratch.
ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to generate functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference